Hadis: Zakat Hewan Ternak (Bag. 3)

Hadis: Zakat Hewan Ternak (Bag. 3)

Teks hadis kelima

Diriwayatkan dari ‘Amr bin Syu’aib, dari ayahnya, dari kakeknya radhiyallahu ‘anhu, beliau menceritakan, “Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam bersabda,

تُؤْخَذُ صَدَقَاتُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى مِيَاهِهِمْ

“Sedekah (zakat) kaum muslimin itu diambil di sumber-sumber air mereka.” (HR. Ahmad 11: 343. Syaikh Syu’aib Al-Arnauth menyatakan sanad hadis ini hasan.)

Dalam riwayat Abu Dawud, Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam,

وَلَا تُؤْخَذُ صَدَقَاتُهُمْ إِلَّا فِي دُورِهِمْ

“Zakat mereka tidaklah diambil kecuali di kampung-kampung mereka.” (HR. Abu Dawud no. 1591 dan Ahmad 11: 288, sanadnya hasan.)

Kandungan hadis kelima

Hadis ini adalah dalil bahwa petugas zakat hendaknya mengambil zakat unta, kambing, atau harta zakat lainnya di sumber-sumber air (tempat hewan-hewan tersebut berkumpul untuk minum) atau di kampung-kampung tempat mereka tinggal. Di sini, Ibnu Hajar rahimahullah juga menyebutkan hadis riwayat Abu Dawud. Karena hadis riwayat Ahmad itu khusus berkaitan dengan zakat hewan ternak, yaitu agar petugas zakat mendatangi pemilik hewan ternak di sumber-sumber air di mana hewan ternak tersebut minum. Adapun riwayat Abu Dawud itu umum dan berlaku untuk semua jenis harta yang diambil zakatnya.

Ketika petugas zakat mengambil langsung harta zakat ke rumah pemiliknya, maka hal itu akan meringankan beban dan menghilangkan kesulitan orang yang terkena kewajiban zakat. Hal ini karena mereka tidak perlu repot dan kesusahan mendatangi baitul maal untuk membayar zakat.

Syaikh Dr. Shalih Al-Fauzan hafizahullah berkata, “Hal ini akan memudahkan semuanya. Memudahkan pemilik harta, dan juga memudahkan petugas penarik zakat karena orang yang wajib membayar zakat berkumpul di sumber air atau mata air. Petugas zakat tidak perlu mencari mereka ke padang pasir, karena hal itu akan menyusahkan.” (Tashilul Ilmam, 3: 109)

Demikianlah yang dipraktekkan oleh Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam, yaitu beliau mengutus petugas zakat untuk menarik zakat ke rumah-rumah orang yang memiliki kewajiban zakat, kemudian mendistribusikannya kepada orang-orang yang berhak menerimanya. Sehingga hadis ini juga menjadi dalil bagi ulama yang berpendapat bolehnya mendistribusikan pembagian zakat ke luar daerah asal jika terdapat maslahat tertentu. Karena petugas zakat tersebut bisa saja menarik zakat dari penduduk di luar kota Madinah.

Baca juga: Boleh Membunuh Hewan Yang Mengganggu Atau Membahayakan

Teks hadis keenam

Dari sahabat Abu Hurairah radhiyallahu ‘anhu, Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam bersabda,

لَيْسَ عَلَى المُسْلِمِ صَدَقَةٌ فِي عَبْدِهِ وَلاَ فِي فَرَسِهِ

“Tidak ada kewajiban zakat bagi seorang muslim pada budaknya dan kudanya.” (HR. Bukhari no. 1464 dan Muslim no. 982)

Kandungan hadis keenam

Hadis ini merupakan dalil tidak ada kewajiban zakat untuk harta seorang muslim yang dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan dirinya sendiri, dalam hadis ini disebutkan budak dan hewan kuda. Ibnul Mulaqin rahimahullah berkata, “Hadis ini adalah dalil pokok bahwa harta yang sifatnya tetap (tidak berkembang) itu tidak ada kewajiban zakatnya.” (Al-I’lam, 5: 53)

Hal ini karena harta tersebut dimanfaatkan secara khusus oleh pemiliknya, bukan harta yang berkembang dan mendatangkan keuntungan untuk pemiliknya. Sehingga ketentuan ini juga menjadi dalil adanya kemudahan syariat Islam.

Syaikh Dr. Shalih Al-Fauzan hafizahullah menjelaskan, “Zakat hanyalah dikenakan untuk harta berkembang dan diperdagangkan. Harta yang berkembang adalah harta yang memang dikelola untuk terus bertambah atau berkembang biak. Sedangkan harta yang diperdagangkan adalah harta yang dikelola untuk jual beli atau mencari keuntungan. Sehingga harta yang tidak berkembang itu tidak ada kewajiban zakatnya, yaitu harta yang dikonsumsi atau harta yang digunakaan (dimanfaatkan untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari).” (Tashilul Ilmam, 3: 109)

Sehingga termasuk dalam hadis tersebut adalah semua benda yang digunakan atau dimanfaatkan secara khusus oleh pemiliknya, misalnya kendaraan (mobil, meskipun mobil mewah), pakaian, atau perabot rumah tangga. Demikian pula barang-barang yang dipakai oleh pemiliknya untuk menjual jasa atau bekerja, misalnya mobil yang disewakan, alat-alat pertukangan, baik tukang kayu atau pandai besi, alat-alat masak, atau sejenis itu. Barang-barang semacam itu tidak ada kewajiban zakatnya. Yang dikenai zakat adalah hasil sewa atau upah yang dihasilkan, itupun jika telah mencapai nishab dan haul, sebagai zakat mal.

Termasuk juga adalah makanan yang disimpan untuk dikonsumsi. Misalnya, seseorang menyimpan kurma atau bahan makanan lain dalam jumlah besar. Meskipun sudah mencapai haul, maka tidak ada kewajiban zakat. Karena harta itu bukan harta yang dikembangkan, namun harta yang akan dikonsumsi.

Dalam hadis tersebut disebutkan kuda. Kuda tidak termasuk harta yang wajib dizakati. Karena kuda itu digunakan sebagai alat transportasi dan mengangkut barang. Kuda juga digunakan untuk jihad fii sabilillah, sehingga tidak dikenai zakat. Hewan yang memiliki fungsi yang sama, misalnya keledai atau baghal (peranakan antara kuda dan keledai) juga tidak dikenai kewajiban zakat. Demikian pula, seseorang yang memiliki budak, tidak ada kewajiban zakat bagi si pemilik budak. Karena budak tersebut dipekerjakan untuk membantu pekerjaan tuannya, meskipun budak tersebut harganya mahal.

Dapat dipahami dari hadis tersebut bahwa jika budak atau kuda tersebut diperdagangkan, maka ada kewajiban zakat atasnya. Karena jika diperdagangkan, harta benda tersebut tidak dimanfaatkan secara langsung, akan tetapi yang menjadi tujuan adalah nilai (harga) harta tersebut dan keuntungan dari penjualannya.

Teks hadis ketujuh

Dari ‘Ali radhiyallahu ‘anhu, Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam bersabda (berkaitan dengan zakat sapi),

وَلَيْسَ عَلَى الْعَوَامِلِ شَيْءٌ

“Tidak ada kewajiban zakat untuk (sapi) pekerja.” (HR. Abu Dawud no. 1572 dan Ad-Daruquthni 2: 103, sanadnya hasan)

Kandungan hadis ketujuh

Hadis ini juga menjadi dalil bahwa sapi yang dimanfaatkan untuk membajak atau mengairi sawah itu tidak ada kewajiban zakatnya. Karena sapi tersebut dimanfaatkan untuk mengerjakan pekerjaan tertentu dan bukan termasuk harta yang berkembang yang ada kewajiban zakatnya.

Demikianlah serial pembahasan yang berkaitan dengan kewajiban zakat hewan ternak, semoga bermanfaat untuk kaum muslimin. Wallahu Ta’ala a’lam.

Kembali ke bagian 2: Zakat Hewan Ternak (Bag. 2)

***

@Kantor Pogung, 17 Jumadil awal 1445/ 1 Desember 2023

Penulis: M. Saifudin Hakim

Artikel: Muslim.or.id

 

Catatan kaki:

Disarikan dari kitab Minhatul ‘Allam fi Syarhi Buluughil Maraam (4: 403-406 dan 4: 415-416).

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