Penjelasan Kitab Ta’jilun Nada (Bag. 4): Isim Mabni

Penjelasan Kitab Ta’jilun Nada (Bag. 4): Isim Mabni

Isim mabni dengan tanda fathah

Ibnu Hisyam mengatakan,

 وكَأَحَدَ عَشَرَ وَأَخْوَاتِهِ فِي لُزُوْمِ الفَتْحِ

Contoh lain dari isim mabni adalah bilangan 11-19 selamanya mabni dengan tanda fathah.”

===

Syekh Muhammad Ibn Shalih Al-Fauzan menjelaskan bahwasanya bilangan tersebut adalah jenis isim mabni yang mabni selamanya dengan tanda fathah, walaupun kemasukan ‘amil. Ibnu Hisyam memberikan contoh bilangan 11-19. Contohnya dalam kalimat:

جَاءَ ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ طَالِبًا

Tiga belas mahasiswa telah datang.”

Kata yang bergaris bawah tersebut berkedudukan sebagai fa’il yang merupakan isim mabni dengan tanda fathah.

وَرَأَيْتُ ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ طَالِبًا

Saya telah melihat 13 mahasiswa.

Kata yang bergaris bawah tersebut berkedudukan sebagai maf’ul bih yang merupakan isim mabni dengan tanda fathah.

وَمَرَرْتُ بِثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ طَالِبًا

Saya telah melewati 13 mahasiswa.

Kata yang bergaris bawah tersebut berkedudukan sebagai  isim majrur karena didahului huruf jer dan mabni dengan tanda fathah.

Dikecualikan angka bilangan إِثْنَا عَشَرَ (dua belas). Maka, bilangan awalnya yaitu إِثْنَا (dua) di-i’rab sebagaimana i’rab isim mustanna , yaitu:

Pertama: rafa’ dengan tanda alif.

Kedua: nashab dan jer dengan tanda ya’.

Karena bilangan 12 masuk dalam kategori mulhaq bil mustanna (distatuskan sama dengan isim mustanna).

Adapun bagian bilangan kedua, yaitu عَشَرَ, tetap mabni dengan tanda fathah dan tidak punya kedudukan dikarenakan bilangan عَشَرَ menjadi pengganti huruf nun yang dihapus pada isim mustanna. Asalnya adalah إِثْنَانِ, namun karena ada عَشَر huruf nun-nya dihapus. Nun isim mustanna tersebut statusnya adalah huruf. Adapun huruf, tidak ada kedudukannya di dalam i’rab. Contohnya adalah:

جَاءَ إِثْنَا عَشَرَ طَالِبًا

Dua belas mahasiswa telah datang.”

Kata yang bergaris bawah di atas berkedudukan sebagai fa’il yang merupakan isim mutsanna marfu’ dengan tanda alif.

وَرَأَيْتُ إِثْنَي عَشَرَ َطَالِبًا

Saya telah melihat dua belas mahasiswa.

Kata yang bergaris bawah di atas berkedudukan sebagai maf’ul bih yang merupakan  isim mutsanna manshub dengan tanda ya.

وَمَرَرْتُ بِإِثْنَي عَشَرَ طَالِبًا

Saya berpapasan dengan dua belas mahasiswa.

Kata yang bergaris bawah di atas berkedudukan sebagai isim majrur karena didahului huruf  jer dengan tanda ya.

Adapun kata عَشَرَ, merupakan isim mabni dengan tanda fathah dan tidak ada kedudukannya di dalam kalimat.

Isim mabni dengan tanda dhammah

Ibnu Hisyam mengatakan,

وَقَبْلُ، وَبَعْدُ، وَأَخَوَاتِهِمَا فْي لُزُوْمِ الضَّم إِذَا حُذِفَ المُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ وَنُوِيَ مَعْنَاهُ

Kata قَبْلُ (sebelum),  بَعْدُ (setelah), dan saudari-saudarinya selalu dhammah ketika mudhaf ilaih pada kata tersebut dihapus, bermakna mudhaf ilaihnya tetap ada, meskipun lafaznya dihapus.

===

Syekh Muhammad Ibn Shalih Al-Fauzan menjelaskan bahwasanya ini adalah jenis ketiga isim yang mabni dengan tanda dhammah. Contohnya adalah kata قَبْل, dan بَعْد. Kedua lafaz tersebut adalah zharaf zaman. Adapun saudari-saudari kedua lafaz tersebut adalah asma al-jihati as-sitti (enam arah mata angin). Contohnya adalah  فَوْقَ (di atas), تَحْتَ (di bawah),  دُوْنَ (di bawah), أول (yang pertama), dan lain-lain. Maka, kata-kata tersebut mabni dengan tanda dhammah dengan beberapa syarat, yaitu dihapus mudhaf ilaih-nya, akan tetapi makna mudhaf ilaih-nya tetap ada. Namun, pada asalnya zharaf butuh mudhaf ilaih. Kenapa mudhaf ilaih-nya dihapus? Kenapa tidak dituliskan? Alasannya bisa jadi pendengar sudah paham apa yang disampaikan, dikarenakan sudah sama-sama memahami. Maka dari itu, mudhaf ilaih dihapus dalam rangka meringkas ucapan dalam logika berbahasa orang Arab. Oleh karena itu, ketika mudhaf ilaih-nya dihapus, maka zharaf-nya mabni dengan tanda dhammah.

Contohnya:

للهِ الْأَمْرُ مِنْ قَبْلُ وَمِنْ بَعْدُ

Hanya milik Allah segala urusan milik Allah sebelum dan setelahnya.

Maksud firman Allah (Q.S. Ar-Rum : 4) tersebut adalah:

مِنْ قَبْلِ ذَالكَ الْأَمْرِ وَمِنْ بَعْدِ ذَالِكَ الْأَمْرِ

sebelum dan setelah terjadinya perkara tersebut.

Maka, kedua kata yang digarisbawahi tersebut mabni dengan tanda dhammah di tempat kedudukan majrur karena didahului oleh huruf  jer.

Contoh lain:

فَمَا يُكَذِّبُكَ بَعْدُ بِالدِّيْنِۗ

Maka, apa alasanmu (wahai orang kafir) mendustakan hari Pembalasan setelah (adanya bukti-bukti) itu?)” (Q.S. At-Tin : 7)

Maka, kedua kata قَبْلُ dan بَعْدُ mabni dengan tanda dhammah di tempat isim manshub sebagai maf’ul fih atau zharfiyyah.

Ketika mudhaf ilaih-nya ditulis ataupun diucapkan, maka zharaf (isim) tersebut mu’rab, tidak mabni dengan tanda dhammah. Contohnya:

جَلَسْتُ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ

Aku duduk di bawah pohon.

Maka, kata yang digarisbawahi tersebut manshub dengan fathah sebagai zharaf atau maf’ul fih. Adapun الشَّجَرَة majrur dengan tanda kasrah sebagai mudhaf ilaih.

جِئْتُ مِنْ قَبْلِ زَيْدٍ

Aku datang sebelum Zaid.

Maka, kata yang digarisbawahi tersebut majrur dengan tanda kasrah karena didahului huruf jer.

Isim mabni dengan tanda sukun

Ibnu Hisyam mengatakan,

وَكَمَنْ وَكَمْ فِيْ لُزُوْمِ السُّكُوْنِ, وَهُوَ أَصْلُ الْبِنَاءِ

“Kata مَنْ dan كَمْ selamanya mabni dengan tanda sukun. Sukun tersebut adalah tanda asal atau utama mabni.”

 ===

Syekh Muhammad Ibn Shalih Al-Fauzan mengatakan kata-kata tersebut adalah jenis keempat isim mabni. Kata-kata tersebut mabni atas tanda sukun. Adapun sukun adalah memutus huruf dari harakat dhammah, fathah, dan kasrah.

Maka, kata مَنْ atas tanda sukun. Kata مَنْ tersebut bisa berstatus sebagai berikut:

Pertama: isim syartiyyah (barangsiapa). Contohnya:

مَنْ يَتَصَدَّقْ يُثَبْ

Barangsiapa yang bersedekah, maka dia akan diberi pahala.”

Kata yang bergaris bawah tersebut biasanya terdapat pada kalimat majemuk dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Kedua: isim maushul (orang yang). Contohnya :

حَضَرَ مَنْ قَامَ بِوَاجِبِهِ

Orang yang melaksanakan kewajibannya telah hadir.

Ketiga: isim istifhamiyah (kata tanya siapa). Contohnya:

مَنْ عِنْدَكَ

Siapakah yang di dekatmu?

Maka, ketiga status kata مَنْ tersebut mabni atas tanda sukun.

Ibnu Hisyam mengatakan,

 وَكَمْ فِيْ لُزُوْمِ السُّكُوْنِ

“Kata كَمْ selamanya mabni dengan tanda sukun”

 ===

Syekh Muhammad Ibn Shalih Al-Fauzan menjelaskan bahwasanya كَمْ adalah kata tanya yang bisa sebagai berikut:

Pertama: Menunjukkan berapa banyak. Contohnya:

كَمْ كِتَابًا عِنْدَك؟َ

Berapa banyak buku yang kamu miliki?

Kata yang bergaris bawah tersebut mempunyai arti pertanyaan tentang berapa banyak kepemilikan.

Kedua: Kata tersebut juga bisa menunjukkan khabariyyah (betapa banyak). Contohnya:

كَمْ بَائِسٍ

Betapa banyak korban yang meninggal karena lapar.

Kedua kata yang bergaris bawah pada kedua contoh di atas adalah isim mabni atas tanda sukun di tempat kedudukan rafa’ sebagai mubtada.

Ibnu Hisyam mengatakan

 وَهُوَ أَصْلُ الْبِنَاءِ

Sukun adalah tanda utama mabni.”

 ===

Syekh Muhammad Ibn Shalih Al-Fauzan menjelaskan bahwasanya tanda utama mabni adalah dengan sukun, karena sukun lebih ringan dari pada harakat (dhammah, fathah, dan kasrah). Oleh karena itu, sukun bisa terdapat pada isim, fi’il, dan huruf. Contohnya: كَمْ (isim), أكْتُبْ (fi’il), dan مِنْ (huruf).

Kembali ke bagian 3: Mengenal Isim Mu’rab dan Mabni

Lanjut ke bagian 5: Bersambung

***

Penulis: Rafi Nugraha

Artikel: Muslim.or.id

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